In the English legal system, online criminal counter-terrorism emerges as a fundamental legal and policy issue in light of emerging threats to public health rights. This research examines how cyberattacks against healthcare infrastructure, as well as the organized dissemination of misinformation during health crises, cause individual-level anxiety, distrust in scientific treatments, and undermine citizens’ psychological security. At the institutional level, it assesses the effectiveness and challenges of implementing regulations such as the “Terrorism Act 2000,” the “Computer Misuse Act 1990,” and the “Online Safety Act 2023” in preventing, identifying, and containing these threats, while also maintaining a balance between public security and fundamental rights, including privacy and freedom of information. At the international level, it addresses the necessity of continuous review of legal frameworks, strengthening regulatory coordination, and expanding transnational cooperation to counter terrorists’ exploitation of digital technologies and effectively protect public health. Accordingly, this study, employing a descriptive-analytical method, identifies existing challenges and gaps in online criminal counter-terrorism and elucidates the necessary legal and institutional solutions to enhance effective oversight, reduce psychological and social consequences, and safeguard public health rights.