The protection of children’s rights in cyberspace is one of the critical and complex legal and social issues in the digital era, which has increasingly attracted attention. The main research question of this study is: what are the existing legal challenges in the country’s laws regarding the protection of children in cyberspace, and how can these gaps be addressed? The importance of this issue stems from the fact that children, due to their high vulnerability and insufficient awareness of digital threats, are exposed to serious risks, and legal gaps and deficiencies can lead to violations of their rights and increase psychological, social, and ethical harms. The primary aim of this article is to examine the current laws and regulations in Iran regarding the protection of children in cyberspace, analyze legal gaps and challenges, and provide solutions to improve the situation. The research method is descriptive–analytical, based on documentary and comparative study, examining domestic laws, judicial precedents, legal doctrine, and international documents to provide a comprehensive analysis of the current situation. The findings indicate that existing laws in Iran are fragmented and incomplete, lacking precise definitions for emerging cybercrimes and adequate enforcement mechanisms to safeguard children’s rights. Moreover, the absence of consistent judicial practice and insufficient alignment with international standards has prevented effective protection of children. The results suggest that enacting comprehensive legislation, establishing specialized judicial branches, training judges and parents, obligating digital platforms to monitor and remove harmful content, and harmonizing domestic laws with international instruments can fill these gaps and enhance children’s safety in the digital environment. The innovation of this study lies in providing a comprehensive and comparative analysis of domestic laws, judicial practices, and international experiences, alongside practical and applicable recommendations to improve the protection of children in cyberspace.