With the advancement of modern technologies, particularly the emergence of quantum computing, cyber threats have become increasingly complex, and existing legal frameworks in many countries, including Iran, are inadequate to address these developments. The main research question of this study is how Iranian cyber laws and judicial practices can be aligned with emerging quantum technology threats and fill the existing legal gaps in the protection of data and privacy. The importance of this research lies in the fact that violations of cybersecurity and unauthorized access to personal and organizational information can have serious economic, social, and legal consequences, highlighting the need to revise current laws and standards. The purpose of this article is to identify novel cyber threats in the era of quantum computing, examine the related legal requirements, and provide an analytical framework to strengthen domestic laws and harmonize them with international standards. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on documentary study, including the review of legal provisions, judicial rulings, legal doctrines, and comparative experiences of advanced countries. The findings indicate that while Iran’s current laws, including the Computer Crimes Act and Civil Code provisions, provide a legal basis, they contain gaps in addressing quantum computing threats and complex cyber attacks, leaving civil and criminal liabilities incompletely covered. Comparative analysis with international standards, such as the Budapest Convention and the GDPR, shows that integrating domestic frameworks with international experiences can enhance data protection and system security. The innovation of this study lies in offering an integrated analytical framework for identifying legal gaps and aligning them with novel cyber threats and quantum computing, which can improve legislation, judicial practice, and legal policymaking in Iran.