In the era of the digital economy, data has emerged as a key resource determining the power and competitiveness of companies in
technology markets, and the monopoly of such data by major technology firms has become a significant challenge for
competition law. The main research question of this study is to what extent competition law can address data monopolies and
what measures can limit the misuse of data in digital markets. The importance of this issue lies in the fact that data monopolies
can not only disrupt fair competition but also produce wide-ranging social and economic consequences, such as reduced
innovation, higher prices, and limited consumer choice. The objective of this article is to examine the role of competition law in
countering data monopolies by major technology companies and to identify gaps and strengths in Iran’s legal framework in this
regard. The research method employed is descriptive–analytical, based on documentary studies, including domestic legislation,
judicial practice, legal doctrine, and comparative analysis with international regulations, to provide an analytical framework for
identifying challenges and proposing practical solutions. The results indicate that although Iran has general competition and antimonopoly
laws, there is a significant legal gap regarding data monopolies, and judicial and enforcement practices are not yet
adequate for the digital market. Comparison with advanced legal systems such as the European Union and the United States
highlights the necessity to revise existing laws and enact specific data protection regulations. This study, by analyzing theoretical
and legal foundations, offers practical recommendations for lawmakers, judicial authorities, and researchers, including legal
reforms, adoption of new regulations for data protection, and leveraging international experiences in digital market governance.
The novelty of this research lies in its simultaneous focus on the legal, jurisprudential, and economic dimensions of data
monopoly, providing a comprehensive and applicable framework for Iran’s legal system.